Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• [59][60]. 1.3.3 Deactivation by degenerative transfer: Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is one of the most well-established RDRP technique. It was first proposed in 1998 by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) researchers Chiefari

Insight into functionalized-macrocycles-guided supramolecular photocatalysis

• Minzan Zuo,
• Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
• Kaiya Wang,
• Xueqi Tian and
• Xiao-Yu Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 139–155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.15

• occur within the CB[8] cavity via host–guest interactions, and thus predominantly produced the syn- instead of the anti-dimers. An alternative approach introduced by An et al. is about the 2:1 CB[7]–perylene diimide (PDI) host–guest-assisted reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

• polymerization (NMP) processes, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [118]. While there has been no report available with NIR-sensitized NMP, there exist a few reports for RAFT polymerization with NIR light [119][120][121]. Recently, ATRP with Cu

Degenerative xanthate transfer to olefins under visible-light photocatalysis

• Atsushi Kaga,
• Xiangyang Wu,
• Joel Yi Jie Lim,
• Hirohito Hayashi,
• Yunpeng Lu,
• Edwin K. L. Yeow and
• Shunsuke Chiba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3047–3058, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.283

• functionalities [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. This concept has also been of particular importance in the field of polymer science, known as reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization [15][16]. Mechanistically, the degenerative transfer of xanthates 1 to olefins 2

Phosphonic acid: preparation and applications

• Charlotte M. Sevrain,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2186–2213, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.219

• 114 [224] or chitosan 115 [225]. The functionalization of polyacrylamide obtained by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was also recently reported to produce 116 (Figure 31). However, the conditions of the Moedritzer–Irani reaction induced the hydrolysis of the

One-pot synthesis of block-copolyrotaxanes through controlled rotaxa-polymerization

• Jessica Hilschmann,
• Gerhard Wenz and
• Gergely Kali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1310–1315, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.127

• Jessica Hilschmann Gerhard Wenz Gergely Kali Organic Macromolecular Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.13.127 Abstract The aqueous reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of isoprene and bulky comonomers, an

Glyco-gold nanoparticles: synthesis and applications

• Federica Compostella,
• Olimpia Pitirollo,
• Alessandro Silvestri and
• Laura Polito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1008–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.100

• [45][56][57][58]. Prosperi and co-workers coated dodecanthiol AuNPs with manno-calixarenes exploiting hydrophobic interactions, obtaining an efficient targeting against cancer cells [56]. Similarly, a reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization approach has been exploited

Extrusion – back to the future: Using an established technique to reform automated chemical synthesis

• Deborah E. Crawford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 65–75, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.9

• and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation, amongst others [21], has been studied extensively by extrusion to produce, for example, branched polypropylene, polyethylene and polylactide polymers. The process involves the production of a free radical at the end of an

Radical polymerization by a supramolecular catalyst: cyclodextrin with a RAFT reagent

• Kohei Koyanagi,
• Yoshinori Takashima,
• Takashi Nakamura,
• Hiroyasu Yamaguchi and
• Akira Harada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2495–2502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.244

• recognition site is introduced to a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization system [65][66][67][68][69]. We have synthesized a chain transfer agent (CTA) bearing the CD moiety (CD-CTA) and have investigated this agent’s polymerization behavior. The polymerization rate constant

Methylenelactide: vinyl polymerization and spatial reactivity effects

• Judita Britner and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2378–2389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.232

• as methyl methacrylate were determined. To predict the copolymerization behavior with other classes of monomers, Q and e values were calculated. Further, reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-controlled homopolymerization of methylenelactide and copolymerization with N,N

• -dimethylacrylamide was performed at 70 °C in 1,4-dioxane using AIBN as initiator and 2-(((ethylthio)carbonothioyl)thio)-2-methylpropanoic acid as a transfer agent. Keywords: copolymerization; kinetic study of the radical homopolymerization; push–pull monomer; reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT

• -Michael additions on MLA were reported [11][12]. In this paper, we wish to present a kinetic study of free radical and controlled/living radical polymerization of MLA. The latter reactions were conducted via a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mechanism. We also investigated the

Recent advances in metathesis-derived polymers containing transition metals in the side chain

• Ileana Dragutan,
• Valerian Dragutan,
• Bogdan C. Simionescu,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Helmut Fischer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2747–2762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.296

• synthesis of these targets presently accessible through controlled and living polymerization techniques including controlled radical polymerizations (CRP) such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT

Peptide–polymer ligands for a tandem WW-domain, an adaptive multivalent protein–protein interaction: lessons on the thermodynamic fitness of flexible ligands

• Katharina Koschek,
• Vedat Durmaz,
• Oxana Krylova,
• Marek Wieczorek,
• Shilpi Gupta,
• Martin Richter,
• Alexander Bujotzek,
• Christina Fischer,
• Rainer Haag,
• Christian Freund,
• Marcus Weber and
• Jörg Rademann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 837–847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.93

• building block N-methacryloyl-β-alaninyl-S-benzyl thioester under reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) conditions yielding a thioester-containing copolymer with 13.3 kDa and polydispersity of 1.2, which we denominated as NCL-polymer [10]. NCL-polymer was converted into multivalent

Chemoselective O-acylation of hydroxyamino acids and amino alcohols under acidic reaction conditions: History, scope and applications

• Tor E. Kristensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 446–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.51

Stability of SG1 nitroxide towards unprotected sugar and lithium salts: a preamble to cellulose modification by nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization

• Guillaume Moreira,
• Laurence Charles,
• Mohamed Major,
• Florence Vacandio,
• Yohann Guillaneuf,
• Catherine Lefay and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1589–1600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.181

• ], reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) [8][9][10], and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) [11], has opened new prospects in this research field, and permits precise tailoring of the synthetic chain length, the composition and the architecture [12]. Contrary to pullulan, dextran and

The synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-grafted nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization

• John Moraes,
• Kohji Ohno,
• Guillaume Gody,
• Thomas Maschmeyer and
• Sébastien Perrier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.139

• Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 10.3762/bjoc.9.139 Abstract We describe the use of one of the most advanced radical polymerization techniques, the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, to produce highly functional core–shell particles

• structure of the resulting polymeric chain. Among the many techniques of LRP reported to date, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is one of the most versatile processes, both in terms of tolerance towards a wide range of monomer functionality and reaction conditions [2

RAFT polymers for protein recognition

• Alan F. Tominey,
• Julia Liese,
• Sun Wei,
• Klaus Kowski,
• Thomas Schrader and
• Arno Kraft

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 66, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.66

• , because short and long chains will bind simultaneously, most likely with different affinities and stoichiometries. A quantitative description must inherently suffer from this averaging effect. Results and Discussion Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization [10] and atom